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Step 1: States of Matter
States of matter depend on particle energy and intermolecular forces. Phase changes occur when energy is added/removed.
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Step 2: Atom (Particles Hierarchy)
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Protons and neutrons form the nucleus, while electrons orbit around it.
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Step 3: H₂O Molecule
Water (H₂O) is a polar molecule due to oxygen's higher electronegativity, creating a dipole.
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Step 4: Rutherford's Scattering Experiment
Rutherford's experiment revealed the atom's nucleus by bombarding gold foil with alpha particles.
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